In Ruby, file input/output (I/O) can be performed using the File class. The File class provides a number of methods for reading from and writing to files.           Here is an example of reading from a file: file = File.open("example.txt", "r") contents = file.read puts contents file.close         …

Ruby provides a simple and intuitive way to read and write files. You can use the built-in File class to create, open, read, write, and manipulate files.           Here are some examples of reading and writing files in Ruby: Reading a file file = File.open("file.txt", "r") contents = file.read puts …

Mixins are a way to add functionality to a class without using inheritance. In Ruby, you can define a module that contains a set of methods, and then include that module in a class to give the class access to those methods. This is known as mixing in the module.           Here's an example of a mixin in Ruby: module…

In Ruby, modules are a way to group together methods, classes, and constants into logical units. Modules are similar to classes in that they allow you to define methods and constants, but unlike classes, you cannot create instances of a module.           Here's an example of how to define a module in Ruby: module My…

Ruby Encapsulation         Encapsulation is one of the core principles of object-oriented programming, and it is the concept of hiding the internal state of an object from the outside world, and exposing only the methods and properties that are necessary to interact with the object. This helps to maintain the integrity and securi…

Polymorphism         Polymorphism is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming that allows different objects to respond to the same message in different ways. In Ruby, polymorphism is achieved through method overriding and duck typing.         Method overriding allows a subclass to override a method defined in its super…

Ruby Inheritance         Inheritance is an important concept in object-oriented programming, and Ruby supports it fully. It allows a class to inherit properties (instance variables) and behaviors (methods) from another class, called the superclass. The subclass can then add or override these properties and behaviors as needed. To de…

Ruby is an object-oriented programming language, which means that it organizes data and behavior into objects.            In Ruby, everything is an object, including numbers, strings, and even classes themselves. Object-oriented programming has several key concepts: Classes: A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It …

The scope of a variable refers to where in the program it can be accessed. There are three levels of variable scope in Ruby: 1. Local scope: Variables declared within a method are only accessible within that method. def my_method x = 10 puts x end my_method # prints 10 puts x # undefined l…

In Ruby, methods and functions are very similar, and the terms are often used interchangeably. Both refer to a block of code that can be called by its name and can optionally take arguments and return a value. Here are some examples of defining and calling methods/functions in Ruby: Defining a method: def say_hell…

In Ruby, nil is an object that represents nothing or the absence of a value. It is a singleton object of the NilClass class. Here are some things to keep in mind about nil in Ruby: 1. nil is a special value that evaluates to false in a boolean context. value = nil if value puts "value is true" …

1. [ ] - Returns the value associated with the specified key. fruits = { "apple" => 2, "banana" => 3, "orange" => 4 } fruits["apple"] # Output: 2 2. [ ]= - Sets the value associated with the specified key. fruits = { "apple" => 2, "banana&qu…

1. push - Adds an element to the end of an array. fruits = ["apple", "banana"] fruits.push("orange") # Output: ["apple", "banana", "orange"] 2. pop - Removes the last element from an array and returns it. fruits = ["apple", "banana&…

1. length or size: returns the length of the string. str = "hello" puts str.length # Output: 5 puts str.size # Output: 5 2. strip: returns a copy of the string with leading and trailing whitespace removed. str = " hello " puts str.strip # Output: "hello" …

Ruby has a rich set of built-in methods that can be used with integers. Here are some commonly used ones: Arithmetic Methods num1 = 10 num2 = 5 # Addition sum = num1 + num2 # Subtraction difference = num1 - num2 # Multiplication product = num1 * num2 # Division quotient = num1…

Ruby has a rich set of built-in data types that provide developers with flexible options for storing and manipulating data. Here are some of the most common data types in Ruby: 1. Numbers           In Ruby, numbers can be represented as integers or floating-point numbers. Integers are whole numbers, while floating-point…

Example 1: Basic times loop 5.times do puts "Hello, world!" end Output : Hello, world! Hello, world! Hello, world! Hello, world! Hello, world! In this example, the program uses a times loop to print the message "Hello, world!" five times. Example …

each loop (or for-each loop) is a control flow statement for traversing items in a collection. each is usually used in place of a standard for loop statement. Example 1: Basic each loop with array fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] fruits.each do |fruit| puts "I like #{…

for loop is a control flow statement for specifying iteration. Specifically, a for loop functions by running a section of code repeatedly until a certain condition has been satisfied. Example 1: Basic for loop for i in 1..5 do puts "Value of i is #{i}" end           In this example, the program use…