Ruby Mixins

        Mixins are a way to add functionality to a class without using inheritance. In Ruby, you can define a module that contains a set of methods, and then include that module in a class to give the class access to those methods. This is known as mixing in the module.

        Here's an example of a mixin in Ruby:

module MyMixin
  def my_method
    puts "Hello from MyMixin!"
  end
end

class MyClass
  include MyMixin
end

my_object = MyClass.new
my_object.my_method

        In this example, we define a module called MyMixin that contains a single method called my_method. We then include the MyMixin module in the MyClass class using the include keyword. This gives instances of the MyClass class access to the my_method method.

        We can then create an instance of MyClass and call its my_method method like this:

my_object = MyClass.new
my_object.my_method

        This will output the message "Hello from MyMixin!".

        Mixins are a powerful feature of Ruby because they allow you to share functionality across multiple classes without having to use inheritance. You can include a mixin in as many classes as you like, and each class will have access to the methods defined in the mixin.

        Mixins can also be used to create abstract classes. An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated, but can be used as a base class for other classes. Here's an example:

module MyAbstractClass
  def my_abstract_method
    raise "Not implemented!"
  end
end

class MyClass
  include MyAbstractClass
end

        In this example, we define a module called MyAbstractClass that contains a single method called my_abstract_method. We then include the MyAbstractClass module in the MyClass class using the include keyword.

        The my_abstract_method method is defined to raise a "Not implemented!" error. This means that any subclass of MyClass that does not override the my_abstract_method method will raise an error if the method is called.

        By using mixins to define abstract classes, you can enforce a certain level of behavior in your code without having to use inheritance. This can make your code more flexible and easier to maintain.