Hormones play a crucial role in regulating many bodily functions, from metabolism and mood to reproductive health and energy levels. However, even small disruptions in hormonal balance can lead to noticeable and sometimes serious symptoms. Recognizing the signs of hormonal imbalance is essential to getting timely care and…

Pituitary adenomas are tumors that arise from the pituitary gland —an essential but small gland located at the base of the brain. These tumors are often benign (non-cancerous), but because the pituitary gland controls many hormones , their effects can be widespread. Depending on their size and hormone activity, pituitary…

Introduction           Thyroid nodules are among the most commonly encountered thyroid abnormalities in clinical practice. These nodules are lumps or masses that form within the thyroid gland , a butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of the neck. Although the discovery of a thyroid nodule may cause concern, the majority of t…

Introduction          Thyroid cancer is a condition that develops in the cells of the thyroid gland —a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism through hormone production . Though relatively rare compared to other cancers, the incidence of thyroid cancer has been ri…

Introduction           Metabolic Syndrome has become a major public health issue worldwide, affecting millions of people and significantly increasing the risk of heart disease , stroke, and type 2 diabetes . It’s not a single disease but rather a cluster of conditions that together increase the likelihood of developing serious hea…

Introduction           Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes that demands immediate medical attention. Although most commonly seen in people with type 1 diabetes , it can also occur in type 2 diabetes , particularly during illness or periods of significant stress. DKA oc…

Introduction           Addison’s disease , also known as primary adrenal insufficiency , is a rare but serious disorder that affects the adrenal glands —small glands located on top of the kidneys that produce essential hormones. Without proper hormone production, various bodily functions become impaired, leading to fatigue, weight…

Introduction     Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) refers to a group of rare inherited disorders that affect the endocrine system , leading to the development of tumours in multiple hormone-producing glands . Understanding MEN is important for early detection and treatment to prevent complications and improve quality of life. Im…