Ruby is a dynamically-typed programming language that uses a simple, expressive syntax to make programming easy and enjoyable. In this section, we'll introduce some of the basic syntax of Ruby, including variables, data types, operators, and control structures.



Variables: In Ruby, variables are used to store values that can be used later in the program. Variable names start with a lowercase letter or underscore and can contain letters, numbers, and underscores. Here's an example of defining and using a variable:
  
    name = "Alice"
    puts "Hello, #{name}!"
        This code defines a variable name with the value "Alice", and then uses that variable in a string interpolation to print out the message "Hello, Alice!".

Data types: Ruby has several built-in data types, including strings, numbers, booleans, arrays, and hashes. Here are some examples:
    # Strings
    greeting = "Hello, world!"
    puts greeting

    # Numbers
    x = 42
    y = 3.14
    puts x + y

    # Booleans
    is_ruby_fun = true
    puts "Is Ruby fun? #{is_ruby_fun}"

    # Arrays
    fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
    puts fruits[1]

    # Hashes
    person = { "name" => "Bob", "age" => 30 }
    puts person["name"]

        This code defines variables of various data types and uses them in different ways.

Operators: Ruby has a variety of operators for performing arithmetic, comparisons, and logical operations. Here are some examples:
    # Arithmetic operators
    x = 10
    y = 3
    puts x + y
    puts x - y
    puts x * y
    puts x / y
    puts x % y

    # Comparison operators
    puts 2 == 2
    puts 2 != 3
    puts 2 < 3
    puts 2 <= 3
    puts 2 > 3
    puts 2 >= 3

    # Logical operators
    puts true && false
    puts true || false
    puts !true

Control structures: Ruby has several control structures, including if statements, while loops, for loops, and iterators like each. Here are some examples:
    # if statement
    x = 5
    if x > 10
      puts "x is greater than 10"
    else
      puts "x is less than or equal to 10"
    end

    # while loop
    i = 0
    while i < 5
      puts i
      i += 1
    end

    # for loop
    for i in 1..5
      puts i
    end

    # each iterator
    fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
    fruits.each do |fruit|
      puts fruit
    end

        These are just a few examples of the basic syntax of Ruby. As you learn more about the language, you'll discover many more features and capabilities that make Ruby a powerful and expressive programming language.